Generic skills in accounting education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Generic skills in accounting education - Essay Example purpose, the accountants need to possess certain generic skills that will aid them not only to attain the above stated objective but also to develop their career in the respective field (Willcoxson & et. al., 2010). Thus, it will be vital to mention that the generic skills are quite essential in the field of accounting education for imparting them with effective technical knowledge towards the attainment of predetermined individual targets (Montano & et al., 2005). Thus, based on the above stated facts, the prime intent of this essay is to identify along with analyse the persistence of varied generic skills and their influence in the sphere of accounting education. Furthermore, the essay concludes by providing a detailed understanding about the level of further preparation required in improving the identified generic skills so as to attain the desired targets of the graduates or the learners of accounting education. Based on the observation made by Keneley & Jackling (2011), the above discussed generic skills can be segregated into two particular segments. These segments comprise cognitive and behavioural skills. In this regard, cognitive skills entail analytic capabilities, critical thinking as well as writing qualities and making complex along with creative judgements. On the other hand, behavioural skills often comprise personal and interpersonal capabilities (Keneley & Jackling, 2011). Based on this similar perspective, Jackling & Lange (2009) pointed out certain skills that are required to be possessed by the accountants in this modern globalised era. These skills are identified to be personal along with interpersonal skills, communication skills, problem-solving capabilities, analytic along with team skills and time management. Arguably, the formation and the advancement of soft skills like interpersonal, communication, problem-solving, critical judgement and analytical capabilities are d uly considered to be quite vital in the circumstance of reforming

2. Why, when and by whom was the NAACP founded Assess its Essay

2. Why, when and by whom was the NAACP founded Assess its effectiveness - Essay Example The founders included WEB Dubois (African American), William English Walling (Caucasian) and Ida Wells-Barnett (German-born Caucasian). Other White liberals who participated in the formation include Mary White and Henry Moscowitz. Early members of NAACP include Jane Addams, Mary Talbert, Charles Russell, George White and Ray Baker. Following the Niagara Movement (1905) objectives, NAACP clearly stated that it was focused on ensuring civil rights of all people that were provided by 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments of the Constitution that provided equal legal rights and abolishment of slavery2. In 1915, NAACP petitioned showing of the birth of a nation film. In 1919, NAACP organized a symposium and published the â€Å"thirty years of lynching in the United States 1899-1918†. NAACP supported the Anti-lynching bill that was destined to ending instances of lynching in America but the Senate rejected the bill. Another notable contribution was involvement in Harlem Renaissance where Black Americans wanted more rights to engage in artistic and intellectual activities in the society. Through the tireless efforts of NAACP, many Blacks became respected authors, dancers, singers and artists in 1920s and 1930s. NAACP also helped the minority households who faced harsh economic situation during the Great Depression by advocating for the reduction in taxes. The organization campaigned for the end of racial discrimination in the armed forces and other State defense industries. President Roosevelt finally accepted to allow minorities to participate in thousands of State jobs after NAACP threatened to organize public marches in 1941. The struggle for equality in employment led to the establishment of Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) that was supposed to ensure fairness in employment matters3. NAACP participated in ending racial segregation. Thurgood Marshall, the head of educational and legal defense fund,

People Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

People Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay HIV/AIDS is one of the most challenges to human life and dignity. It affects all levels of the society and has a massive impact on global economic and social development, (Rowden, 2009). Studies have been conducted on its impact on human life and how it could be controlled. This review was conducted by visiting a number of websites of different publishers and organisations for published articles on HIV/AIDS and stigma. Literature covering a period of 8 years from 2002-2010 was extracted from Assia, PubMed, Sage, British Medical Journal, Cochrane and Absco-host. However due to the topic in question, literature from most recent articles would have been preferred. The term HIV/AIDS stigma was used to capture a wide range of articles covering all areas of the globe. Abstracts from twenty studies were reviewed for the study, objectives, methodology and key findings. Twelve studies covering different locations of the world were chosen. Relevant documents and reports from other organisation s such as UNAIDS, WHO and the World Bank were also reviewed. Both qualitative and quantitative data was used to present the information. Due to the challenges presented by HIV/AIDS to global public health, Baum. (2008:241) calls for collective participation of all sectors in the fight against this deadly disease. Baum emphasises on the collective participation between the lay people and the health structures as key to success. This is further supported by Farmer, (1999), who does not condone the dominance of the biomedical perspective in health and healing. He believes that lay people have a significant role in the process of health improvements and emphasises on the importance of listening to, and understanding the lay peoples experiences of ill-health and how it is affected by their daily lives. Goffman, (1963), and Parker and Aggleton, (2003),s theories of stigma help us to understand how stigma is constructed and its influence in peoples lives. They view stigma and discrimination as functional systems which maintain boundaries between those in power and those without. Through such power, social inequalities are developed leading to creation of social norms. These formulate stigma by governing interactions between people and reinforce power structures that serve to isolate those that are regarded as outsiders, ( ). Both theories have been widely used in HIV related stigma to highlight how the prejudice, negative attitudes, abuse and maltreatment directed towards people living with HIV/AIDS have hindered the progress of prevention and treatment. Findings from the studies highlight the significance of lay people for prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS to be effective. In Tanzania, the study unveiled some discriminatory and stigmatised practices such as gossiping about patients HIVs status, neglect, verbal abuse, testing and disclosing HIVs status without consent, (Tanzanias Stigma Indicators Field Test Group, 2005). Similarly in India, health workers were disclosing patients HIV status to their families without the patients consent, (Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2007). Harassment, avoiding and isolation of HIV-positive patients and testing without counselling are common features of stigmatisation in most studies. Findings showed that stigma and discrimination in health care settings contribute a great deal in keeping people away from accessing HIV/AIDS treatment and care, therefore compromising their health and wellbeing. Patients felt greatly affected by the health workers feeling uncomfortable with them and treat ing them in an inferior manner. Some health workers wore protective clothing even if there was no physical contact during interactions. This affected peoples willingness to access the services despite it being vital to their health. The fear of being identified as infected with HIV was one of the reasons why some people prolonged testing for HIV even though they had the symptoms and only accessed services when their illness was at an advanced stage, (Bond, Aggleton, 2002, Human Resources of Health, 2007, Kinsler et al, 2007, Varga, Sherman, Jones, 2006, Kalichman, Simbayi, 2003). In Zambia, HIV-positive health workers were hiding their HIV status from their colleagues in fear of being stigmatised, (Dieleman et al, 2007). Experienced and perceived stigma and discrimination revealed by the studies have severe influence on people living with HIV/AIDS access to health services. While most of the literature on HIV/AIDS and stigma and access to health services is negative, research also highlights increasing evidence of the value of supportive and de-stigmatising HIV services in some parts of the globe. Brazil has been viewed favourably by people living with HIV/AIDS. The lay people reported supportive inclusive structural systems that create healthy environments for all. The success story of Brazils effective HIV/AIDS and stigma prevention and control is attributed to active participation of different groups in the society and the Brazilian government, (Caltado, 2008). Another success of collective efforts of the lay people and the health structures has been noted in South Africa where most people believe in traditional healing. Aids Activism in South has made a positive significance in HIV/AIDS preventing and treatment by translating and mediating the biomedical approach within local ideological frameworks which are easily understood and acted on by the loc als, (Colvin, Robins, 2010). From the research findings it is clear that collaboration between the lay people and the biomedical approach to healing is essential for successful control of HIV/AIDS and stigma. There is no cure for AIDS but Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) can prolong life by keeping the level of HIV in the body at low levels therefore delaying the process between HIV and AIDS, (Robin, 2009). While ARVs are now readily available in most countries, concerns are mostly centred on the rising numbers of newly infected people. According to the World Bank, 60 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Access to treatment has increased dramatically but for every 100 people on treatment, 250 become newly infected, (www.worldbank.org/EOL81VLA20 ). For this reason, pressure in now rising on the effectiveness of only relying on the biomedical approach as a concept of health and healing HIV/AIDS. Diseases such as HIV/AIDS need to be tackled using both the biomedical approach and the lay perspective for prevent ion and treatment to be effective. The shortfall of the biomedical approach to treatment lies on its focus that is restricted to the physical illness of an individuals body and the scientific understanding of disease therefore making the approach heavily based on pharmacology. While pharmacology is beneficial in the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS, it benefits the pharmaceutical industry which has also been critiqued as hindering the progress on controlling HIV/AIDS. Pharmacology further promotes the privilege of the biomedical model which may be inappropriate to the communities and create feelings of helplessness and vulnerability. This may contribute to the undermining of alternative approaches to treatment and prevention, (Global Health Watch, 2008, Rowden, 2009, Farmer, 1999). Such interventions are not successful in nations who believe in indigenous forms of healing, for example the dependency on traditional healing in Africa. The lay approaches to healing are effective because they are embedded within local social and cultural structures, but as with HIV/AIDS care, this cannot be confirmed as true. Unlike in the biomedical approach, indigenous approaches seek to heal the whole person by linking the illness with the persons social and economic background. In South Africa, despite people heavily relying on traditional healing approaches, the HIV prevalence continued to rise. Significance towards effective control of the epidemic has been noted with the increase in accessibility of ARVs, (Colvin, 2009). In the UNAIDS report on global AIDS epidemic 2010, in 7 countries, five of them in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, HIV incidences increased by more than 25% between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, although still remaining the most highly affected by the epidemic, figures either stabilised or showed signs of decline owing to positive behaviour due to increased services that are embedded in local culture. T he report affirms that stigma and discrimination, lack of access to services and bad laws can make the epidemic worse, (www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global_report.htm). The attribute to increased incidences in Europe and Central Asia could be on the countries reliability only on the biomedical model of healing. Baum, (2008) asserts that community level mobilisation where there is partnership between the lay people and structures is the effective way of combating HIV/AIDS and stigma. Active participation of lay people will not only promote individual level responses to dealing with the stigma, access to care and preventing of HIV/AIDS but could also go a long way in improving global public health, (Parker and Aggleton, 2003). Improving health care services and making them accessible to people living with HIV/AIDS without fear of being stigmatised, educating health care professionals about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that encourage inclusion of people living with HIV/AIDS in decisions that affect their lives are some of the key factors of effectively tackling the epidemic, (Farmer, 1990:90). Advocacy is another way lay people engaged to improve the relationship between health structures and people living HIV/AIDS. The Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV/AIDS, (GIPA), formally adopted as a principle at an AIDS Summit in 1994 emphasises the need for involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS at all levels in the fight against the disease. According to UNAIDS, people living with HIV/AIDS understand their situation better therefore their voices could be heard well if their needs were presented by people in the same situation, (www.unaids.org). In the Zambia study, with supportive structures, the professionals living with HIV/AIDS are in a better position to advocate for people accessing services. Baum, (2008:550) claims that advocacy involving public health practitioners is an effective way of influencing structural barriers in public health. Both the biomedical and lay perspective approaches to health, healing and prevention of HIV/AIDS and stigma have both benefits and limitations. There is therefore the need for holistic approaches that collaborates both models for HIV/AIDS and stigma interventions to be effective. HIV/AIDS has claimed a lot of lives and continues to claim more; through collective action of the societies and the national structures the epidemic could be controlled.

when i was a youngster :: Free Essay Writer

When I Was A Youngster†¦ Well I don’t really remember much of my childhood. But here is one story that I do remember. This was when I was about four of five. I was at my dad’s house for his birthday one weekend. That was also his birthday and memorial weekend too. That means that he will be having a lot of people over to party all night. He lives on a lake so when he has parties all his friends bring over there jet skies and boats, but I couldn’t drive them cause I was too little. It was still fun getting rides on them though. My dad also had a huge pull-barn. It was about as big as the cafeteria. That’s where everyone usually hangs out but not a lot of people were in there today. They were all out on the lake, playing volleyball, and sitting by the fire. It was getting pretty late into the night and the party started to calm down a little. A few people were still talking but the fire and also few people in the pull-barn. I decided to go talk to the guys by the fire. The cool thing about my dad’s friends is that they don’t talk to me as a little kid. They talked to me like I was the same age as them. That’s probably why I never had trouble with speech. After a while I got bored and I started walking into the pull-barn. All of a sudden a car came flying down the driveway and slammed on its breaks! They had a canoe on top of their car. I guess they forgot to tie it down tight cause as soon as they hit there breaks the canoe went flying across the yard and came within inches from my dads house. I could tell the driver was pretty messed up cause of the way he was driving and the way he was walking after he got out of the car. My Dad heard the accident and came running to see what happen. When he sees what the guy did he got really mad and started cussing him out and everything. It was crazy I have never seen my dad that mad in my life. But he wasn’t mad enough to hit him in front of me. So he just yelled and told me to left.

Irony in Brave New World Essay

A society in the future can be very distinctive apart from a society in the modern day. Brave New World, written by Aldous Huxley, is a novel in regards to a utopian society. It takes place in the future where all is advanced and people are no longer born. Instead, reproductive technology is developed and futurology is emphasized. The majority of the population is divided into classes and no one is able to think for themselves. The novel is ironic at points and uses satire profoundly. Huxley uses irony to satirize religion, family, and sex. In the World State, religion is really satirized and depleted by its employment of religious rituals and its portrayal of God. Their God is Henry Ford, the inventor of the conveyor belt and the man responsible for, as they say â€Å"the introduction of [Their] Ford’s first T-Model† (52). Ford’s invention of the assembly line is one of the many reasons why he is an ideal God to society in the World State. The assembly line is an efficient line of productivity that creates items and in Brave New World, this is how people are born. This really exhibits his roll of God as God is believed, in modern religion, to have created people. People in the World State also use his name in vain similar to today’s society so when Bernard yells â€Å"†¦for Ford’s sake† (90) it reveals how they perceive Ford as their god. Another circumstance that depicts religion is their visits to the Solidarity Services. In the World State the community is told to attend solidarity services which somewhat corresponds to how people go to church in current times. At the solidarity services they await their dose of soma and have an orgy. It moderately mocks how people in church eat the bread and pray together. It is all basically a mimicry of religion in current society. Brave New World is really satire towards the average modern family. The words â€Å"mother† and â€Å"father† are considered obscene. It states that to say one is a mother â€Å"[is] an obscenity† (153) and reveals how they contemplate family. In the World State there are no mothers and fathers because people are not born naturally, where instead they are born artificially. This concept is revealed through John’s reference to the director as â€Å"[His] father!† (152). When John shouts â€Å"my father† to the director, laughter breaks out from everyone there. The word â€Å"father† is pretty much a joke in their society. It is just not intended to have family in the World State. One of the biggest reasons why family is not ideal in Brave New World is order. Family is completely banned so it can reduce the possibility of people caring for each other; therefore it will reduce the possibilities of them disrupting the order in which they a re expected to obtain. Sex in Brave New World is distinctive compared to modern society. Sex is glorified and is more of a responsibility, however, it is not for pleasure or emotion but more for entertainment. Sex is encouraged and promiscuity is celebrated in different ways. Many forms of entertainment in Brave New World relate to sex. For example the Feelies, pornographic movies, are attended by the citizens. When the Assistant Predestinator asks Henry if he is â€Å"going to the Feelies this evening† (35) he is sustaining this argument. The fact that the government allows these films to be shown publicly reveals how the government encourages sexual promiscuity. In the World State, if a person is not sexually promiscuous, they are pretty much considered outcasts. Sex is practiced and discussed openly even with children. This is exposed when the nurse claims that â€Å"[They] had Elementary Sex† (27). Even at a young age children learn about sex and are encouraged to have sex where as to mod ern society would not permit this. All of the information is evidence to prove that the World State commends sex. A utopian society that takes place in the future can really have many differences than the average modern society. One feature that can expose many facets of a society is irony. In Brave New World, irony is used to satire events and ideas and reveals that all societies have their own views and morals.

Comparison and Contrast between the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers Essay

The rivalry between the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League is a tale of two iconic franchises engaged in a figurative war. No guns or bullets, just pigskin and gridiron. The tussle between these two major leagues has been long going and is one of the longest in the National Football League. While the Bears seem better advantaged with their 92 wins, 88 losses and 6 ties against the Green Bay Packers, Packers have won in all their last six encounters with the Bears since 2011. What reinforces the rivalry even further are the more Superbowls, NFL titles and the Conference titles the Packers have clinched in comparison with the Bears. The rivalry may seem long lasting and is expected to last even longer, but these two rivals share similarities. Both the Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers were each established in 1919. The Bears franchise was founded in Illinois in 1919 before moving to Chicago in 1921. On the other hand, the Green Bay Packers is currently based in Wisconsin and was founded in 1919. Together with the Bears, the Packers are among the oldest franchises in the NFL. Considering their location, both franchises are members of the same division of the NFC (National Football Conference) in the National Football League (diffen.com). When it comes to differences both the rivals have a number of differences than similarities. One difference is in ownership. The Bears is privately owned with Virginia McCaskey and her family controlling 80% of the franchise, Patrick Ryan, the chairman of Aon Corp, and Andrew McKenna, Aon director, 19.7% of the franchise. On the other hand, the Packers is a non-profit, community owned team, the only professional sports team with such ownership in the United States. Yet another difference between the two rivalries is with their team colors. Pride of any team is with their team colors. The team colors of the Bears are Navy blue, burnt orange, and white while the Packers are noticed with their Dark green and yellow. It is a law that no two teams in the NFL should have the same team colors for ease of identification and to foster sense of belonging among the team fans. For these two rivals, their team colors are a black and white affair, a sky-earth phenomenon considering that the team colors of the Bears is bright compared with that of the Packers that is rather dull. With such colors, one would understand the rivalry (diffen.com). A final difference between the two rivalries is with regard to their fan base. The Bears are reputed a having the most devoted fan base as compared with the Packers. Research places Bears at the sixth place regarding their Fan Equity rankings, which is basically a measure of brand equity centered on fans enthusiasm to financially support the team. The Packers on the other hand have an equally good Fan Equity rankings, but not as much as Bears, this according to research. While the Packers are highly placed in analysis on the NFL Social Media Equity, the Bears do not appear anyway in the top five. In conclusion, apart from their similarity in terms of their respective founding dates and their placement in the same division, both teams also share the similarity of having a penchant for competition. From their respective successes, it is evident that both rivals are highly competitive in setting records. They would stop at nothing in their bid to outperform each other. This fact makes for a better rivalry that is expected to last and make their meets eagerly anticipated and talked about. References Diffen. Chicago Bears vs. Green Bay Packers. Accessed on 25 November 2014. Retrieved from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Chicago_Bears_vs_Green_Bay_Packers Source document

Free Essays on Mental Health

Mental Health, a psychological state of well-being, characterized by continuing personal growth, a sense of purpose in life, self-acceptance, and positive relations with others. Some people define mental health as the absence of mental illness, but many psychologists consider this definition too narrow. Mental health can also refer to a field of study encompassing both mental health and mental illness. II Elements of Mental Health print section Psychologists have identified a number of distinct dimensions of mental health . These include self-acceptance, or self-esteem, characterized by a positive evaluation of oneself and one’s past experiences; personal growth reflected in one’s sense of continued psychological growth and development; a sense that one’s life has purpose and meaning; positive relations with others; environmental mastery, the capacity to manage effectively in the surrounding world; and autonomy, a sense of self-determination and the ability to control one’s own life. Self-acceptance, relations with others, environmental mastery, and autonomy usually improve as a person ages and gains life experience. However, many people find that their personal growth and sense of purpose in life begin to decline in midlife. Some psychologists regard mental health as the ability to maintain a balance between positive and negative emotions, such as elation and sadness. In this view, a person who displays emotional extremes in either direction is less well-adjusted. Other psychologists emphasize the role of one’s environment in influencing well-being. This perspective sees mental health reflected in a person’s overall happiness with various domains of life, such as social relationships, work, and community life. III Factors that Influence Mental Health print section A number of different aspects of life can influence mental health. In a mid-1970s study of people living in the United States, researcher... Free Essays on Mental Health Free Essays on Mental Health Mental Health, a psychological state of well-being, characterized by continuing personal growth, a sense of purpose in life, self-acceptance, and positive relations with others. Some people define mental health as the absence of mental illness, but many psychologists consider this definition too narrow. Mental health can also refer to a field of study encompassing both mental health and mental illness. II Elements of Mental Health print section Psychologists have identified a number of distinct dimensions of mental health . These include self-acceptance, or self-esteem, characterized by a positive evaluation of oneself and one’s past experiences; personal growth reflected in one’s sense of continued psychological growth and development; a sense that one’s life has purpose and meaning; positive relations with others; environmental mastery, the capacity to manage effectively in the surrounding world; and autonomy, a sense of self-determination and the ability to control one’s own life. Self-acceptance, relations with others, environmental mastery, and autonomy usually improve as a person ages and gains life experience. However, many people find that their personal growth and sense of purpose in life begin to decline in midlife. Some psychologists regard mental health as the ability to maintain a balance between positive and negative emotions, such as elation and sadness. In this view, a person who displays emotional extremes in either direction is less well-adjusted. Other psychologists emphasize the role of one’s environment in influencing well-being. This perspective sees mental health reflected in a person’s overall happiness with various domains of life, such as social relationships, work, and community life. III Factors that Influence Mental Health print section A number of different aspects of life can influence mental health. In a mid-1970s study of people living in the United States, researcher...

Trading on the Stock Markets

Trading on the Stock Markets Background A stock market can be defined as a â€Å"public entity for trading of company stock and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on stock exchange as well as those traded privately† (Anonymous: â€Å"Capital and derivatives Market† Para 2). At the beginning of the month of October, the year 2008, the global stock market size was determined to be approximately 37 trillion US dollars. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trading on the Stock Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More so, estimation that has been carried out of the â€Å"total world derivatives market† has shown that the value of the derivatives market is about 790 trillion US dollars; a value which is more than ten times the whole global economy size. On the stock market, there is listing of the stocks and trading them. Both the buyers and sellers are brought together on this market (Anonymous: â€Å"C apital and derivatives Market† Para 3). In the United States, the biggest stock market, basing on the market capitalization, is the NYSE – â€Å"New York Stock Exchange†. In addition to this, in the United States, we also have other stock exchange markets such as the Dow Jones Stock Market and NASDAQ. In Britain, we have the â€Å"London Stock Exchange’. In Japan, there is the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). TSE is number three in size by â€Å"aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies†¦it had 2,414 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $3.1 trillion as of May 2010† (â€Å"China becomes the world’s third largest stock market† Para 7). In the United Kingdom, we have the London Stock exchange market. It is located in the city of London, According to â€Å"Market Highlights for the first half –year 2010† (Para 3), by the month of August last year (2010), â€Å"the exchange had a market capitalization of US$ 2.63 trillion, making it to be the forth largest stock exchange in the world by this measurement and it is the largest in Europe† (â€Å"Market Highlights for the first half –year 2010† 1). In Saudi Arabia, we have the Saudi Stock Exchange, also referred to as â€Å"Tadawul†. It is under the control of the â€Å"Saudi Arabian Monetary agency†Ã¢â‚¬ . This is the largest stock exchange market in the region. As it is pointed out by the â€Å"Saudi Stock Exchange†, it has â€Å"a market capitalization amounting to much more than US55 billion† (Para 1). This market has been increasing over the years beginning from the time it was set up in the year 1954. This stock exchange, being the only major stock exchange in the country, used to operate informally up to the middle of the 1980s.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Le arn More Trading on the stock market Those traders who take part in the stock exchange market may be either just small individuals who wish to invest in stocks or they can be very big â€Å"hedge fund traders†. Among the exchanges that are carried out, there are those in which transactions are entered in to on a â€Å"trading floor† (physically). This is done by a method referred to as â€Å"open outcry†. Such form of sale is employed in both â€Å"stock exchanges† as well as â€Å"commodity exchanges† in which those engaging in trade make bids and offers by word of mouth. However, with advancing technology, there has emerged another form exchange in which trading is carried out in a virtual manner. In this, there is use of computers and transactions are carried out electronically without necessarily having the traders interacting physically. Basically, the trades carried out are on the basis of an â€Å"auction market model†. Unde r this, the buyer engages in bidding for a definite price he is ready to pay and then the prospective seller asks for his or her desirable price from the buyer. This may go on for sometime until the buyer and the seller meet at a common price that is deemed to be desirable for both parties; the buyer and the seller. At this point, a sale occurs. In a situation where we have two or more bidders (buyers) or askers (seller), one who comes first is the one who is sold to. A stock exchange is meant to make it possible for the buyers and sellers to interact in order to exchange securities and by doing this, a marketplace is provided. Considering the New York Stock Exchange, this market is a â€Å"physical exchange† where the traders interact with one another physically, face to face and it is also a â€Å"listed exchange†. Unlike the NYSE, NASDAQ is a â€Å"virtual listed exchange† (Anonymous: â€Å"NASDAQ† Para 2). In this particular market, all the trading activities are carried out electronically, over a â€Å"computer network. The trading process is the same as that followed by the New York Stock exchange market. The only difference between the two is that, in this market, the buyers and sellers interact electronically rather than physically.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trading on the Stock Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Time and again, there has been deviation of active trading from â€Å"active exchange† (Ortega and Yalman Para 1). Ortega and Yalman point out that, â€Å"Securities firms, led by UBS AG, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Credit Suisse Group, already steer 12 percent of U.S security trades away from the exchanges to their internal systems† (Para 2). They further projected that, there was even a probability of the level of that share going up (to eighteen percent) by the year 2010 â€Å"as more investment banks bypass the NY SE and NASDAQ and pair buyers and sellers of securities themselves, according to the data compiled by Boston-based Aite Group LLC, a brokerage consultant† (Ortega and Yalman Para 3). Other than NASDAQ and the NYSE, in the United States’ stock market, there is the Dow Jones stock market. This was set up in the year 1896 and its founder was Charles Dow. This exchange is â€Å"an icon in the trading industry† (â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† Para 1). It is further pointed out that, basically â€Å"the Dow commercial average is a market index that provides a fast method to get to an understanding of how the exchange is fairing on any given day† (â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† Para 2). This stock market does not provide â€Å"specifics† but instead allows the public to have the knowledge about the overall trends that are being followed by it. Several criticisms have been directed towards the â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† and these crit icisms have been coming form the researchers. They have criticized this stock market’s move not to include a large number of firms to carry out the representation of the general â€Å"market performance†. More criticisms have also arisen in which there has been disagreeing that â€Å"trading on all thirty stocks included in the Dow Jones stock market doesn’t always open at the same time each morning, thus skewing the day’s average† ((â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† Para 2). However, despite these criticisms, the â€Å"Dow Jones Stock market Business average†, in the course of time, has determinedly performed similarly to the broader United States market and this is the reason why this stock market remains to be preferred by many people to the present day. Considering the case in Saudi Arabia, in March 2010, it was reported in the â€Å"All Headline News† that the stock exchange of this country â€Å"had opened its doors to for eign investors as a leading investment firm announced that foreign investment in the country was expected to grow by 20 percent in the coming year† (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 1). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This move was taken to enable the foreigners to â€Å"invest in ‘Exchange Traded Funds’, an index fund traded on an exchange like a stock so as to offer foreign investors the opportunity to obtain broad-based exposure to the Saudi equity market† († (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 2). In the year 2008, FDI to Saudi Arabia was twenty four million US dollars. This country has also realized â€Å"stable improvement in its ranking in the World Bank’s Doing Business index† (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 11). It moved to position 13 in the year 2010 from position 15 in the previous year and this makes this country to be â€Å"the highest ranked country in the Middle East †¦.the index measures ten different variables ranging from the ease of sharing a business and enforcing contracts to paying taxes and cross border trading†(â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 11). There are some occasions on which trading of particular s hares is stopped; sometimes for a few hours or days or even longer. On an individual level, stopping to trade on a stock can take place during a drop. This step assists in enabling people trading in stock to avoid losing their money. The simplest way to do this is to set â€Å"a stop-loss order on one’s brokerage on each of one’s holding to protect oneself against massive drops in the value of holdings† (Hewitt Para). However, on other occasions, the capital market authority can stop trading a particular stock. It does this for several reasons and among these reasons is that, it may intent to punish inside trading and to regulate the market. This is clearly evident on the Saudi stock exchange market where it is reported that the stock market has â€Å"cleaned up† following the actions taken by the Capital market Authority (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 5). Lacoma (Para) points out that the most well-known stock market is the NYSE. However, all t he stock markets work in the same way, the NYSE works. In these markets, the Capital Market Authorities can stop trading of a particular stock but this occurs in just some specific cases for certain organizations. This can be carried out in the form of a suspension of a stock market. This implies that those who want to invest shall not have any influence in line with the â€Å"suspended stock†. Those people who are owners of this security have no power to sell it and those ready to buy it can not be able to do so. In addition, the company is prevented from carrying out any adjustments on this stock. Suspensions take place at once and may remain effective, going on for a number of days but not beyond ten days in total (Lacoma Para 2). It is also important to note that suspension is applicable to a single company’s securities and stock and not on the securities and stock of the whole stock market. Closing down the whole stock market can not be easy. The suspension is not aimed at paralyzing the economy in its entirety in whatever way. Those who wish to invest can go on trading on the stock market; buying and selling stocks from other companies on the market. Suspensions are meant to make the companies to engage in reviewing their financial records. This in most cases follows suspicion of existence of fraud in a company or in the cases where big flaws have been committed in regard to making records. In some cases, suspension may occur following the need to make clarification of certain legislation. The suspension of stock is carried out in order to safeguard the investors against any uncertainties while all-inclusive investigation on the company’s activities is carried out. A suspension may have a negative effect on the company’s stock on the stock market. After being suspended, in most cases the stock starts trading at a greatly decreased price. This comes about as a result of the investors being filled with uneasiness in regard to the suspension and look at the company in a suspicious manner even if findings after the suspension were not negative. It is important to draw a distinction between a suspension and â€Å"halts and delays†. A halt takes place when the suspension of the stock is carried out by the company itself and it does this with an intention of sharing some important information with investors. This is always brief and may not go on for even more than an hour. A delay is just like a halt. However, the difference is that it occurs at beginning of the trading day. In whichever the case; whether it is a suspension, a halt or a delay, all of them involve stopping of trading on the stock market. Most of the people who invest have come to learn that the stock market is a quite volatile market for one to put his or her money in it. However, it is this market characteristic (volatility) that brings in returns which the investors obtain. Wagner defines volatility as â€Å"a measure of dispersio n around the mean or average return of a security†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.and Standard deviation can be used to measure volatility† (Para 2). This method of measuring volatility gives out information on â€Å"how tightly the price of a stock is grouped around the mean or moving average† (Wagner Para 2). Wagner further points out that, in considering securities, â€Å"the higher the standard deviation, the greater the dispersion of returns and the higher the risk associated with the investment† (Para 3). Apart from this using this method in measuring volatility, it can also be measured by taking the mean range to every period, â€Å"from the low price value to the high price value† Wagner Para 3). Basing on this, there is expressing of â€Å"the value obtained as a percentage of the starting point of the period†¦.larger movements in the price creating a higher price range result in higher volatility and the lower price ranges result in lower volatilityâ€℠¢ (Wagner Para 5). It is important to note that, there exists a very powerful correlation between â€Å"volatility and market performance†. There is a tendency for the level of volatility to come down while there is an increase in the stock market and the level of volatility goes up while the stock market declines. The risk level moves up with the level of volatility and at the same time the level of returns goes down. To illustrate this clearly, Wagner cites a research that was conducted in 2007 by â€Å"Crestmont Research† which was aimed at evaluating the past records of the relationship that exists between the â€Å"stock market performance† and the â€Å"market volatility†. This research utilized the â€Å"average range for each day to measure the volatility of the Standard Poor’s 500 Index† (Wagner Para 6). The results that were presented from the research report gave out an indication that higher volatility matches up with higher l ikelihood of a decreasing market and lower volatility matches up with a higher likelihood of an increasing market (Wagner Para 6). Considering, the volatility ratio, according to â€Å"Investopedia†, volatility ratio is defined as â€Å"a technical indicator used to identify price ranges and breakouts† (Para). It utilizes a â€Å"true price range† to carry out the determination of a â€Å"true trading range† of a stock and is capable of identifying â€Å"situations where price has moved out of this true range† (Investopedia Para 1). By being familiar with stock volatility as well as the volatility ratio, the investors are in a better position to trade wisely on any stock exchange market. Conclusion The stock exchange market brings together buyers and sellers in order for them to engage in stock trading. The traders on this market may be small individual investors or large business corporations. Most of these traders who have been in this business l ong enough, have come to learn that the stock market is a quite volatile market for one to put money in. However, in whichever the stock exchange market, it is this market characteristic (volatility) that brings in returns which the investors obtain. Among the major stock exchange markets in the world that have been looked at include; the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, Dow Jones Stock exchange (all the three found in the U.S), the Tokyo Stock Exchange, The London Stock Exchange and the Saudi Stock Exchange. There comes a time when the capital market authority may stop trading a particular stock. This may lead to the suspension of the stock. This occurs for several reasons and among these reasons is that, the company involved may not be having right records or there is likelihood of having fraud in the company. More so, there might be some legal obligations that are supposed to be met by the company involved. However, not all the trading is stopped on the market but it is only o ne company’s stock and trading will always go on as usual with stocks of other companies that are not affected with the suspension. Anonymous. â€Å"Capital and derivatives Market†. 9 December 2010. Web.. https://sites.google.com/a/rajalakshmi.edu.in/myrec/knowledge-sharing-cell-1/capitalandderivativesmarket. â€Å"China becomes the world’s third largest stock market†. Economic Times. 19 June 2010. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/global-markets/China-becomes-worlds-third-largest-stock-market/articleshow/6068129.cms â€Å"Dow Jones Stock market†. Cheap Stock Trading. 24 December 2009. Web.. cheapstocktrading.org/dow-jones-stock-market/. Investopedia, â€Å"Volatility Ratio†. 2011. Web. investopedia.com/terms/v/volatility-ratio.asp. Lacoma, Tyler. â€Å"When does the stock market suspend trading?† 3 October 2010. Web.. ehow.com/about_7311092_trading-halt-stocks_.html. â€Å"Market Highlights for the first half –year 2010†. World Federation of Exchanges. July 2010.Web. world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. â€Å"NASDAQ – What is NASDAQ? All about NASDAQ stock market†. Hubpages Incl. 2011. Web. http://hubpages.com/hub/NASDAQ-What-is-Nasdaq-All-about-NASDAQ-Stock-Market. Ortega, Edgar, and Yalman Onaran. â€Å"UBS, Goldman threaten NYSE, Nasdaq with rival stock markets†. Bloomberg, 4 December 2006. Web.. bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchiverefer=homesid=al86iws61SPY. â€Å"Saudi Stock Exchange†. Economy Watch. N.d. Web. economywatch.com/stockexchanges/saudi.html. â€Å"Saudi Stock Market Opens to foreigners†. All headline News. Web. allheadlinenews.com/articles/7018236735. Wagner, Hans. â€Å"Volatility’s impact on market returns†. 2010. Web.. investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/08/volatility.asp.

Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization

Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization Polina Gavrilova Brain Lateralization and Neural Networks in Bilinguals In recent years, various studies have been conducted on bilingualism in regard to the neural basis of the first language (L1) and second language (L2) processing. The new technical advances, such as position emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are used to determine whether L1 and L2 share a common neural network or whether languages are represented in different areas of the brain (Dehaene et al., 1997; Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). Studies in neuropsychology have shown that for most people language processing takes place in the perisylvian areas of the left hemisphere. Research on bilinguals and polyglots who suffered brain injury revealed that occasionally aphasia affects only one of the languages that were previously acquired. This finding suggests that languages are represented in different parts of the brain (Paradis, 1995, cited in Perani et al., 1 998) and that L2 has reduced leftward lateralization (Albert Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). This paper examines whether L1 and L2 are supported by a common neural system or whether a dedicated cortical area represents each language. Furthermore, this paper identifies neural substrates activated by L1 and L2 during auditory, word production, and picture naming tasks. Dehaene et al. (1997) examined bilinguals (French-English) who acquired L2 after the age of seven. The researchers found that while listening to a task the superior temporal sulcus (STS), superior and middle temporal guri (STG and MTG), temporal pole (TP), and left angular gyrus (AG) were constantly activated in the left hemisphere for L1. STS and TP were also activated in the right hemisphere but it varied across subjects and the activation wasn’t as strong as in the left hemisphere. In addition, the neural pathway didn’t extend to AG. The findings for L2 showed greater inter-subject varia bility than for L1. The results of fMRI found that six subjects activated STS, STG, and MTG in the left temporal lobe for L2. However, the pixels of these activations were dispersed compared to the results for L1. The second language didn’t cause any activation in the left TP and AG. Also, some of the subjects didn’t show any neural activation in the left temporal region, which suggests that L2 is mostly dominated by their right hemisphere. The results also displayed that subjects activated additional resources while listening to L2. These additional sub-regions were the right STG and STS in the right temporal lobe. In addition, results of L2 showed that some subjects activated various networks outside the temporal lobe. Specifically, these subjects used the left inferior frontal gyrus, located in the Broca’s area, the inferior precentral sulcus, and the anterior cingulate. The research shows that L1 consistently activated the temporal lobe, especially stimulati ng the STS, STG, and MTG in the left hemisphere. Some subjects also activated these cerebral regions for L2 but with greater dispersion. Participants had strong leftward lateralization for L1 and inconsistent lateralization patterns for L2 across subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that L1 is represented in the left hemisphere for most people. Furthermore, the study suggests that late bilinguals require additional neural networks for L2. Therefore, some subjects recruited left inferior frontal gyrus, which is responsible for language production to help maintain L2 while processing it during tasks. The anterior cingulate was another additional resource, which is responsible for attention and control. This suggests that L2 is not as autonomic as L1 and subjects needed more resources and attention to process L2 (Pardo et al., 1990; Posner Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993, cited in Dehaene et al., 1997).

Appeal to Flattery Fallacy Speech or Presentation

Appeal to Flattery Fallacy - Speech or Presentation Example Appeal to flattery is a fallacy or a misleading idea which has been frenetically researched through the lens of philosophy and psychology.Fallacy itself is widely known as a poorly constructed argument that employs no reasoning but misleading ideas which are expressed to further one’s interests.When there is no concrete reason for advancing one’s interests, a variety of fallacies can be used to achieve the desired objectives.Appeal to flattery is an intentional fallacy which is deliberately used to get something from the other person. Manipulation by deception is the art which forms bedrock of this fallacy. Flattery here is artistically enveloped in such beautiful packaging that often the person on whom this fallacy is aimed does not even know that he/she is being used in some way. This paper will explicate at length the philosophical meaning underlying the appeal to flattery. This fallacy is a confluence of two streams, flattery and buttered compliments. Both are frequ ently employed in place of evidence to win the heart of the other person. There is no evidence usually which is why people depending on this fallacy have to use it in the first place. Using emotionally charged language in place of pure evidence is the theme of this fallacy (Rainbolt & Dwyer, 2010, p. 140). The use of fallacious appeals is so frequent and pervasive in our society that its effects can be described as ubiquitous. From domestic setting through schools and colleges to business settings, everyone is seen using some fallacious argument on routine basis to gain certain benefits. Husband and wife at a home can be complimenting each other very effectively substituting evidence by flattery to save their marriage. Students in a classroom can be witnessed ardently complimenting the teacher’s oratory skills actually wanting the deadline on some assignment to be extended. In this instance, students commit fallacious appeals to flattery (Rainbolt & Dwyer, 2010, p. 140). A gr oup of employees can be seen passionately laughing on their manager’s shallow jokes at a workplace apparently pretending to be impressed by their boss’s humor skills for a rise in their salaries or bonuses while actually feeling a swinging pain in their jaws from forced laughter. These examples suggest that appeal to flattery is actually a very phony way of sustaining something or advancing interests by cunningly appealing to others’ emotions. Flattery can never take place of concrete evidence which is why the kind of reasoning incorporated in appeal to flattery is outrageously fallacious. Though the principal theme in this fallacy is that flattery can be used in place of evidence provided it is used artistically to compel the other person to act in a certain way by influencing his/her thinking (Chaffee, 2010, p. 559), but this reasoning or this way of rationalizing this idea is still misleading because flattery is based on empty mockery. This fallacy of irrelev ance stems from empty lies used to appeal others emotionally (Gambrill, 2012, p. 384) which is why this is an emotional attach which cannot be rationalized no matter how lightly or abundantly it is used. Some people in particular have an exceptionally shrewd acumen for this specific fallacy and they can be seen using this great talent to surpass others. They even manage to gain more autonomy and dominance than the rest because truth is that flattery is found by many people a singularly irresistible sweet though actually it is only a dark lie wrapped very colorfully. General consensus is that appeal to flattery is a logical fallacy, not enormously destructive in comparison to some other fallacies which have major shortcomings, but cannot be considered constructive at all. This is because however logical it may seem, it still makes use of fake compliments to make a point as there is no real evidence. As it is an irrelevant fallacy, a wrong point is supported and though not singularly destructive, this fallacy is still disparagingly criticized by many because of its

Production Possibility Frontier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Production Possibility Frontier - Essay Example As indicated on the chart above, points A, B, and C represent the points at which production of Good A and Good B is most efficient. Point X demonstrates the point at which resources are not being used efficiently in the production of both goods, and point Y demonstrates an output that is not attainable with the given inputs (Investopedia, 2000) Production Possibility Frontier assumes that all possibilities are fixed, however over time it may shift in or out depending on the economic situation. Economic growth pertaining to discovery of new resources, improvement of technology, and capital accumulation results to outward shift. On the other hand, inward shift may occur when there is a decrease in supplies and production possibility or deficient technology and resources. Inward shift indicates that the economy is shrinking. In that sense, any burden in the economy such as unemployment, destruction of capital goods, and disturbance in people's lives may lead to such shift. For example, the 1973 oil crisis shocked the Japanese economy which was heavily depended on oil, thereby shifting Japan's PPF inward (Post war). Post war has caused great deal of damage, human and physical capital wise, of which had decreased the production possibility. A PPF is normally drawn as concave to the origin because the extra output resulting from allocating more resources to one particular good

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 36

Marketing - Essay Example The UAE has resulted to using an unexpected way of public service delivery; using unmanned drones. This is highly innovative. This is because it uses the most updated technology, which does not require a human. This implies that the margin for errors when delivering these services is considerably slim. This means more efficiency with regard to speed. Although the drones will still be used in defense, the UAE is also applying them in healthcare and education. This is also an innovative service because it is customer oriented. In the past, most services were profit oriented. However, with the launch of this service, UAE government has indicated that its attention is directed towards the welfare of the population. The drones could be used in times of disasters to deliver certain services. This would ensure that the services get to the scene as soon as possible as opposed to other means such as ground travel. In addition, in spite of the fact that is in its initial launch phase, the gove rnment has decided to use the public to improve its efficiency by asking them to contribute ideas which would be rewarded. This is innovative because previous governments did not encourage input from the public. There are several differences between social innovation, frugal innovation, and reverse innovation starting with what they incorporate. Social innovation incorporates the most recent strategies and ideas in delivery of social services that may range from education to communal health. A perfect example of social innovation is the open ideo, which seeks to provide immunization using technology. Frugal innovation, on the other hand, is the reduction of complexity of a product so as to affect its distribution and production. For instance, this may incorporate the Tata Nano which was introduced in India to cater for the non-four wheel customers who used non-safe two wheel

Recent Global Economic crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Recent Global Economic crisis - Essay Example have stories to share with my off springs, whereby, I can tell them that I have seen the world economy booming as it has been over the past few years, and then see it moving down into deep recession somewhere from the mid of 2007. I seek tremendous interest in economy and economics, and this kind of a mega event is truly something that will not be forgotten in the books for a long time. My aspiration for this ‘mess’ comes from the times when I read about the Great Depression in various text books, saw pictures of those times, read analytics and various texts related to the strategies that led to it, how the affected and concerned people and groups tried formulating strategies to move out of the ‘mess’, the failing strategies, the successful strategies and so on. Other than that, what also aspired me was how nations fell into the ‘mess’ and how the magnitude of hit varied from nation to nation. Over all, that whole era was an aspiration to me, making me think how would I react under these circumstances as a common man, as a student, as a strategy formulator or even as a nation’s head. Though not a pleasant moment, but I have been given this chance to re-live the Great Depression and get a feel of things and how the difference can be made. Globalization: Globalization is the single variable that has turned the world into a global village, and merged the economies into a global economy. Thus, globalization is a critical concept while discussing the ‘messes. Conflict: Conflicts of interest and of thoughts and ideas is what actually leads to a ‘mess’ and this one is no exception. There is a big conflict of interest in the growing wealth of an individual vs. the growing wealth of a nation, as certain portion of the former has to be sacrificed as taxes for a nation, and as interest for banks to keep moving, as an example. National taxes are proportional to the wealth, but bank interest is similar to a clock that keeps ticking, irrespective of the

Electronics Equipment Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Electronics Equipment Waste - Essay Example 130 million mobile phones and an almost equal number of other electronic devices such as MP3 players and gaming consoles became obsolete in 2005. A report by Basal Action Network (BAN), a Seattle-based organization, states that 50-80% of the e-waste generated in the United States is transported to developing nations for disassembly and recycling with methods that are not acceptable in the United States standards (Herat, 2007). Very few people are aware that the electronic equipment contains more than 1000 harmful chemicals like lead, mercury, PCBS and other toxic substances that pollute air, soil and ground water (Baulch, 2002). Unawareness and negligence have been evident in many countries in the way people disassemble these electronic wastes in open spaces instead of disposing of them safely. However, at least some of the countries such as those in the European Union have recognized the potential harmful results of these improper disposal management practices, and these countries are in the process of implementing laws and policies that ensure safe disposal of e-waste (Canning, 2006; Ladou & Lovegrove, 2008). There have been extensive research and studies on various dimensions related to e-waste. The areas of study include but not limited to consequences for the environment and health, problems with improper disposal in and out of countries, need for regulations, and better management of e-waste materials. It is imperative to consider the health and environmental effects before discussing other issues because improper management of electronic waste leads to pollution of the air, soil and water. This has been observed in various studies. 2.1 Sources of E-waste According to UNEP's "E-waste Management (2006) there are three primary sources of e-waste: 1. Individual households and small businesses: White goods such as refrigerators and washing machines form the largest part of e-waste in terms of weight in households followed by television and personal computers (E-waste Management, 2006). 2. Large businesses, educational institutions and governments: Office devices such as photocopiers, fax machines, printers, and computers form the most part of e-waste from this category (E-waste Management, 2006). 3. Original equipment manufacturers: manufacturers generate e-waste at various levels and in different forms such as defective components or products of sub-optimal quality, waste along upstream supply chain, and waste from product recovery and refurbishing operations (E-waste Management, 2006). In 2000, of the 2,214,400 tons of generated e-waste, 859,000 were video products, 348,200 tons were audio products and 96,900 tons were information products (Kate, 2006). According to the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), starting from 2005, approximately 130

How do theories of leadership provide practical advice on how to be an Essay

How do theories of leadership provide practical advice on how to be an effective leader Discuss, with reference to at least two theories or models of leadership - Essay Example Each of these theories is based on certain principles that have been used to define effective leaders. It is well known that there are individuals that have leaders naturally even without any form of training. However, there are those that require training in order for them to have leadership attributes. This essay will focus on the trait, behavioral and transformational theories of leadership. In addition, it will further address how these theories are applicable in practical leadership. Effective leaders naturally possess certain attributes that enables them to execute their roles effectively and efficiently. According to the trait theory, people are born or made to have certain qualities that facilitate their discharge of leadership roles. Ralph Stogdill advanced this theory in 1974 (Irvin 2007). An effective leader is obliged to exhibit certain traits such as being creative, have a sense of responsibility, be intelligent, be decisive, and have self-control among other important qualities. This theory argues that behavior modification is paramount for effective leadership. This indicates that a leader ought to conform to good values and attributes that will enable them to discharge their roles effectively. Through an analysis of the mental, physical, and social attributes, a leader can be identified through the values and attributes they exhibit and encourage in their respective jurisdictions. Upon the realization of the general traits that makes successful leader s, it becomes very easy to identify potential leaders. This indicates that an individual that endeavors to be an effective leader will strive to cultivate leadership values (Epstein 2010, p.7). Several traits have been identified as influencing the effectiveness of a leader. If such traits are embraced they can help a leader become more effective. While advancing the trait theory, Stogdill conducted a study in which he identified ten types of traits that are associated with effective leaders.

Electronics Equipment Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Electronics Equipment Waste - Essay Example 130 million mobile phones and an almost equal number of other electronic devices such as MP3 players and gaming consoles became obsolete in 2005. A report by Basal Action Network (BAN), a Seattle-based organization, states that 50-80% of the e-waste generated in the United States is transported to developing nations for disassembly and recycling with methods that are not acceptable in the United States standards (Herat, 2007). Very few people are aware that the electronic equipment contains more than 1000 harmful chemicals like lead, mercury, PCBS and other toxic substances that pollute air, soil and ground water (Baulch, 2002). Unawareness and negligence have been evident in many countries in the way people disassemble these electronic wastes in open spaces instead of disposing of them safely. However, at least some of the countries such as those in the European Union have recognized the potential harmful results of these improper disposal management practices, and these countries are in the process of implementing laws and policies that ensure safe disposal of e-waste (Canning, 2006; Ladou & Lovegrove, 2008). There have been extensive research and studies on various dimensions related to e-waste. The areas of study include but not limited to consequences for the environment and health, problems with improper disposal in and out of countries, need for regulations, and better management of e-waste materials. It is imperative to consider the health and environmental effects before discussing other issues because improper management of electronic waste leads to pollution of the air, soil and water. This has been observed in various studies. 2.1 Sources of E-waste According to UNEP's "E-waste Management (2006) there are three primary sources of e-waste: 1. Individual households and small businesses: White goods such as refrigerators and washing machines form the largest part of e-waste in terms of weight in households followed by television and personal computers (E-waste Management, 2006). 2. Large businesses, educational institutions and governments: Office devices such as photocopiers, fax machines, printers, and computers form the most part of e-waste from this category (E-waste Management, 2006). 3. Original equipment manufacturers: manufacturers generate e-waste at various levels and in different forms such as defective components or products of sub-optimal quality, waste along upstream supply chain, and waste from product recovery and refurbishing operations (E-waste Management, 2006). In 2000, of the 2,214,400 tons of generated e-waste, 859,000 were video products, 348,200 tons were audio products and 96,900 tons were information products (Kate, 2006). According to the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), starting from 2005, approximately 130

Internet Piracy Essay Example for Free

Internet Piracy Essay Abstract Internet Piracy has drastically affected the music and film industry and by downloading illegally on the Internet, millions of Internet users swap billions of dollars worth of music and movies. With all the sharing of copyrighted materials, the music and film industry is losing millions of dollars. This research looks into the effects of Internet Piracy and current campaigns to deter it. The study shows the effectiveness of existing campaigns and the relationship between the decline of the music and film industry and the rise of Internet Piracy. Exploring the good and bad of campaigns and using the information to propose a documentary to approach the problem. Raising awareness and educate Internet users about Internet Piracy and try to have the numbers under control. 1. Introduction Fighting against Internet piracy and infringement is a long-term mission and an uphill journey. – Yan Xiao Hong, Deputy Director, National Copyright Administration of China (quoted in AFP 2006) The exchange of information is nothing new. Technologies change, cultures change, and people change, but in any point of human history there are people that copy and distribute the work of others in any form. Technologies that help the production and distribution of information heavily influenced the shape of history, especially when it is accessible to larger population of people. From prints to recordable medias, every technology advances us nearer to today’s digital file sharing. Today, Internet pirates operate online stealing billions of dollars worth of digital content every year (Fisk, 2009). By downloading illegally on the Internet, millions of users turned into pirates swapping billions of dollars worth of music and movies and other intellectual property that can be converted to digital format. With all the sharing of copyrighted materials, the music and film industry is losing millions of dollars (Fisk, 2009). Thus, Internet Piracy has drastically affected the music and film industry and Internet users need to be educated via a documentary on how to combat piracy in Singapore. 2. Findings Analysis 2.1 Background According to a trusted Internet survey, a staggering 70% of Internet users think there is nothing wrong with online piracy (Go-Globe, 2011). In the context of the U.S economy alone, there is $12.5 billion dollars in losses, more than 70,000 lost jobs, and $2 billion in lost wages thus far – Internet Piracy being the main cause. (Siwek, 2007). The niggling issue regarding Internet Piracy is severe. However, after decades and numerous efforts to stop it, the results of the actions taken by the entertainment and other industries have been futile, having no impact in reducing piracy amongst users. On the contrary, the rate of Internet Piracy has increased significantly in recent years, and the figure will only continue its growth (Cones, 2010). 2.2 Survey Through a survey put up by me, the results gathered were not surprising. Eighty-four percent of the online users surveyed have downloaded media in the past month but sixty-two percent do not mind paying for these media. When asked if they know the consequences of downloading copyrighted contents, seventy-three percent knew of the consequences but fifty-four are not afraid of getting caught. This has further cemented the proof that the existing anti-piracy campaigns are not working. Although only thirty-five percent of interviewees are interested in taking part to combat Internet piracy, a slight increment of fourteen percent wants to be educated about piracy and fifty-four percent will watch documentaries about it. 2.3 Existing Campaigns With this established, it is needless to say that existing anti-piracy campaigns and action taken thus far have had little to no effect. An example is of companies taking the issue to court. There are two types of copyright infringement, civil and criminal and in both cases the users must be identified and evidence must be gathered before putting them into the arms of the law. In civil cases, copyright holders handle the process. In criminal cases, law enforcement units utilize different tools and techniques with variable reliability to gather evidence, often causing defragmentation in its accuracy. An example of one such unfortunate incident is the widely publicized lawsuit brought up by the RIAA against a deceased 83-year-old woman. She was accused of sharing over 700 songs under the username â€Å"smittenedkitten†. The case was later dropped by the RIAA after it was confirmed that the woman had never even owned a computer (Fisk, 2011). Another movement to deter piracy was the introduction of the Digital Rights Management (DRM). This technology makes it difficult for users to make copies of content. DMCA also legally protects DRM, making it a criminal offense to remove DRM protection. At present, most media contains some form of DRM (Fisk, 2011). Most DRM schemes, however, only provide protection temporarily. The protection can still be easily cracked by professional pirates and made widely available. One popular movement most Internet users have occurred is the presence of a short video about piracy at the start of movies in cinemas and retail DVDs and VCDs. However, such a movement is to a degree, arbitrary, as the videos primary target audience is piracy supporters. Ironically, this has, instead of deterring piracy, led to users turning to it in search for more ‘freedom’. The same content could be available online- and without the presence of irritating advertisements that block the movie itself. 2.4 Piracy Campaigns Guerilla campaigning has been more successful amongst the campaigns. In August 21, 2006, an organization dubbed â€Å"The League of Noble Peers† released a documentary in support of Internet Piracy. The documentary â€Å"Steal This Film† was distributed freely on ‘BitTorrent’, a software frequented by Internet pirates to share copyrighted content. The film received wide positive reviews and was screened across film festivals from all around the world (King, 2008). The campaign against Anti-Piracy is much more successful mainly because the pro-piracy organizations made use of the much hated force feeding methods deployed by copyright holders and make it to their benefits. Although misleading and being one-sided, the film is extremely effective and hence, manages to spur a movement against Anti-Piracy – The copyright holder’s plan backfired. 2.5 Good Campaigns The first step to making a good campaign is to study what works and what do not. In this case it is quite obvious that the methods used by the â€Å"The league of Noble Peers† work and the copyright holders methods are not working. Hence, the best way to educate Internet users and combat piracy is to create an effective and different documentary and distribute it for free online. The documentary â€Å"The Cove† is a good example of an effective and good documentary. By challenging the question head on with exclusive footage shot in a unique perspective, it managed to become one of the best and most influential documentaries that caused a movement with the intended and desired effect. A ninety-four percent positive rating from both Rotten Tomatoes and IMDB.com proved the huge positive reception for the documentary (Rotten Tomatoes Various Authors, 2009). Thus the model of a good documentary is effective at spreading information and educates people. 3. Conclusion Internet Piracy, despite years of effort to deter it, the existing campaigns’ messages are not strong or effective enough to keep Internet Piracy at bay. Therefore, after studying the good and bad of these existing campaigns, a necessary solution has to be done to control the situation. Thus, after knowing the proven effect of a documentary, there is a need for a good documentary to educate online users about Internet Piracy to have the numbers within control. From the above analysis, making a documentary is one of the best options to try and deter the increase in Internet Piracy. With the documentary, more people will be aware of the issue and understand what the industry is going through with Internet Piracy currently affecting the market. Hence with the proposed documentary, results will be highly positive and have the number of Internet Piracy under control. 4. Recommendations The documentary will be shot as an investigative documentary and the approach will not be a traditional documentary but a new approach similar to â€Å"The Cove†. The documentary will take viewers through the insights of local music and film industry, to introduce the hard work behind the contents they produced over the years. The film will gradually take a stand against Internet Piracy by showing the negativity, cause and effects to the economy due to illegal file sharing over the years. The showing of such effects includes some potential creative firms closing down due to the decline in sales because of the act of downloading illegally. The documentary will take a turn in mood and attempts to go behind the scene to track down Internet pirates and following authorities to prosecute them. The documentary will end off with local musicians and filmmakers having their say against Internet Piracy. The film will be distributed for free over the Internet via torrent, streaming sites and file-sharing forums and hopefully on free-to-air television networks to increase exposure for the film. References Cones, J. (2010). Business plans for filmmakers. Southern Illinois University Press. Fisk, N. (2011). Digital piracy. New York: Chelsea House. Fisk, N. (2009). Understanding online piracy: The truth about illegal file sharing. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Go-Globe. (2011, November 01). Online piracy. Retrieved from http://www.go-gulf.com/blog/online-piracy King, J. (January 3, 2008). The Future Doesnt Care About The Bank Balance but the 1/1000 do!. Retrieved from http://www.jamie.com/2008/01/03/the-future-doesnt-care-about-your-bank-balance-but-the-11000-do/ Rotten Tomatoes Various Authors. (2009). The cove. Retrieved from http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1208882-cove/ Siwek, S. (2007, August 21).The true cost of sound recording piracy to the US economy. Retrieved from http://www.ipi.org/ipi_issues/detail/the-true-cost-of-sound-recording-piracy-to-the-us-economy

Should Prayer Be Allowed In Public Schools Religion Essay

Should Prayer Be Allowed In Public Schools Religion Essay Allowing prayer in public schools remains a persuasive and frequently frenzied issue for various individuals. The authorized parameters and guiding principles for prayer in school have been extremely clearly distinct, but the question, should prayer be allowed in school? continues to emerge. What keeps this matter boiling is the apprehension that Christians have that the modern official code hampers the liberty they have had in the earlier period to explicitly practice their faith. At best, people confuse the distinction between state-mandated, authorized, state-sponsored, prayers piloted by school authorities and individual, confidential prayers instigated and spoken by the learner. At worst, individuals are being intentionally devious in their allegations. To embark on the answer we should start at the inauguration of government in a particular state, say America. The United States Constitution is a manuscript which its citizens adopted as their nations moral fiber. It is an anthology of attitudes that we embrace to be our rulings. These values are a supple, flowing patchwork formed to generate and improve justice, association, and nobility amongst the citizenship of America. One of the elements of the patchwork subsists as Amendments which modify editorials of the Constitution, or elucidate in a number of circumstances. The First Amendment (1791) translates as: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. (Bergel, 1998, 3-6) This applies to this issue of prayer being allowed in public school since it means that the U.S. regime cannot approve, rule out, or recommend any religion at all. By doing so, it would be a violation of the First Amendment which would upshot in the kind of large extent lawful conflict so widespread in the modern general public. Moreover, the States are anticipated to follow suit in perpetuation of all rules in accordance to the Government. Ever since the commencement of public edification the conflict to have religion in learning institutions has boiled. Each of the minorities, majorities, left wing, right wing, or nonaligned group in America has for a moment articulated their observation. What typically ensues is a school arrangement or principal establishments, a school extensive prayer or reading of the Bible. In doing so, it is mandatory for all scholars to declare that prayer and read from the Bible. (Bergel, 1998, 8-10) The school presupposes that everybody is Christian and makes prayer request to a similar God- this is perceptibly a social right desecration as all people that go to school are not necessarily Christian. Accordingly the scholar or those scholars parents protest, this grievance shows the way to a lawsuit, which pilot to Supreme Court cases verdict on the delicate subject of disconnection of Church and State. They argue that it often seems to signify only the removal of references to Jesus, thus allocating the prayer to be comprehensive for both Christians and Jews and, conceivably, Muslims. Such a prayer will not, nonetheless, be inclusive for affiliates of non-biblical spiritual customs. It will not be accommodating for Jains, Buddhists, Shintos and Hindus, for instance. It is as well obvious that prayers cannot be inclusive for disbelievers who hardly bother about prayers. (Popular Issues, 2002, 1) There are a number of assurances that make Christians believe that prayer ought to be permitted in learning institutions. Essentially, prayer is a daily feature of the Christian existence. Jesus Christ trained His disciples to be individuals of prayer, in an equivalent way as He was. Christians desire the right of freedom to pray candidly in school since they suppose that prayer provokes Gods involvement in the school surroundings and the learning procedure. Logically, they desire to surpass everything they study and do beyond Gods assessment so that He may give them understanding to distinguish what is correct and excellent, and what is phony or objectionable. Christians perceive the necessity to pray over individual problems or requirements that crop up on the school site. For example, if a comrade turns up at school and is distraught concerning a family setback, a health predicament, an oral manuscript description they must present that day, Christian professors and learners desir e the autonomy to convey these requests to God. They have full conviction that God can grant insight and supremacy when they themselves are inadequate. (Popular Issues, 2002, 3-4) When a catastrophic accident or an unexpected tragedy transpires, it is common for various individuals to turn simultaneously to God in request for comfort and assistance. Psalm 50:15 says, Call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver you, and you will honor me. This autonomy is accessible to citizens in numerous regimes and civic locations, so it must as well be permissible to youthful individuals while they are at school. For these, and countless additional explanations, Christians are worried about the religious limitations they undrergo on the university grounds of America. Because of the inflexible limitations on prayer in learning institutions, Christians customarily feel endangered when circumstances like these turn up, purposeful that if they pray explicitly at school, anybody who is antagonistic to their devotion can take officially authorized law against them. In the year 1962, Americas moral decline speedily hastened following the event that the U.S. Supreme Courts removed prayer from the nations public schools. Millions of students were prohibited from publicly calling upon the name of God daily at the commencement of studies, which is what they and their forerunners had been doing ever since the beginning of the nation. The four areas: national life, youth, education and family, which school prayers touched upon experienced drastic decline during that time. Thus, regardless of what the courts rule, we should all realize, as declared by Oswald Chambers that Gods laws are not watered down to suit anyone; if God did that He would cease to be God. The moral law never alters for the noblest or the weakest; it remains abidingly and eternally the same.'(Bergel, 1998, 10-16) Citizens of any and the entire conviction must not have to feel demoralized when they wish to pray in a municipal state of affairs. School workers and scholars similarly should be liberated to pray at school. Because of the assortment of faith and viewpoints in America, learning institutions should cherish an environment of deference for citizens with sacred passions, not squash such appearance. Protecting school children from examining another individuals pious appearance does not cultivate thoughtfulness, instead, it cultivates unawareness, and it denies them of scholarship skills that expand their indulgence of existence. Educators and school proprietors must make sure that no scholar is somehow pressurized to contribute in spiritual action. Scholars comprise a right to allocate spiritual text to their schoolmates on the same stipulations as they are acceptable to allocate other literature that is unrelated to school catalog or performance. Students usually do not contain a Federa l liberty to be exempted from teachings that might be inconsistent with their religious beliefs or practices. (Cline, 2011, 1-2) Currently, the Supreme Court has on no account ruled that students cannot pray in learning institutions. As an alternative, it has ruled that the government has nothing anything to do with prayers made in school which his allows students an immense deal of liberty. It has been ruled by judges that only the students must be capable of deciding how, when and where to pray. However, some individuals have undertaken to dispute that it is tolerable for the government to maintain, approve and direct prayers with public school learners provided that those prayers are nonsectarian. Regrettably, the precise character of what individuals denote by nonsectarian is exceptionally vague. (Cline, 2011, 3) In ending, the problem Should prayer be allowed in schools? especially when prayer is a genuine expression of ones conviction, then Yes, prayer is allowed within specific parameters. In actual fact the question is typically an opinionated resistance to achieve legislative authority by spiritual groups who desire a regime selected belief. This opinionated fight back does not deduce well into a restricted disparity for or not in favor of prayer in school. Schools basically are a place where learners come to switch thoughts, learn the civic standards and responsibilities of being Americans, and develop a perspective to learn about the entire world freely, respectfully, and with the deepest sense of honor. (Cline, 2011, 4-7) Students should be allowed to pray in school and they are! Although students religious liberties must be conserved, there are limitations on the mode and time of prayers. Students can pray peacefully and noiselessly at any instance, especially when not engaged in school performance or schooling, and subject to the fact that it is done in relevant surroundings. Students can as well talk to, and try to influence, their peers concerning spiritual issues similar to what they do with consideration to opinionated subjects. However, if they desire to do extra things, then they should not do it in an approach which interrupts other scholars or classes, since the major intention of schools is to teach. Hence, while there are petite and practical limitations on the approach in which learners can go about implementing their spiritual liberty, the fact holds that they do have considerable spiritual autonomy in the public learning institutions. Students pray individually, in groups, silently as well as loudly. Yes, students can certainly pray in schools.

Introducting the Characters and Themes in Educating Rita Essay

Introducting the Characters and Themes in Educating Rita GCSE Coursework: In what ways is Act 1 Scene 1 of â€Å"Educating Rita† a good introduction to the play’s main characters and themes? Do you think Willy Russell has made his opening dramatic and entertaining? â€Å"I’m coming in aren’t I? It’s that stupid bleedin’ handle on the door!† is not the way in which we would expect a new university student to talk to a lecture she had never meet before, but as we later find out, Rita, is not a stereotypical student and her lecture, Frank, is not a stereotypical lecture. The play â€Å"Educating Rita† is based on an out going character, who has decided her working class lifestyle, does not fit who she is anymore. She believes she can change her life by achieving a higher education, to â€Å"fit in† with everyone else around her. Changing her name from Susan to Rita is her first step, she had now begun the great leap from the 26year old hairdresser, to a well spoken and well educated higher classed human being. This 1970’s play displays the struggle and frustration of a woman, caught in the working class. Willy Russell uses wit, humour and his knowledge of that time period to create and develop his two characters as they travel through substantial changes in their lives. Willy Russell uses two very different styles of writing for each of his characters, the introduction to his play begins with a conversation between lecture Frank and his wife. â€Å"Look if you’re trying to induce some feeling of guilt in me over the prospect of a burnt dinner you should have prepared something other than lamb and ratatouille†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Russell was determined to show Frank’s striking upper class exterior, with the usage of such formal and polite languag... ...appy with life until Rita was able to show him his true colours. Using the snappy, chatty atmosphere so early on in the play, Willy Russell was able to keep his fairly long opening; dramatic, entertaining and enjoyable to watch. Willy Russell’s choice to uses such different characters to base his piece around, made one hundred percent sure that his audiences anxiety levels would have been raised as they became more and more intrigued, to find out if the characters would clash or get on like a house on fire. But I believe it was Willy Russell’s pure talent that enabled him to places to different characters in the same scene and make it work. Using the two different styles of writing and such different character personalities creating an opening, which was not only dramatic and entertaining but will be remembered in history as the starting point for woman.

Justice at the Scaffold in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Ess

Justice at the Scaffold in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Harter Fogle acknowledges the aspect of the superhuman as "the sphere of absolute insight, justice, and mercy: few of Hawthorne's tales and romances can be adequately considered without taking it into account" ("Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony" 309). This superhuman aspect surfaces through Divine Justice in The Scarlet Letter. On the other hand, the merely human application of justice emerges through the Puritan laws, or Earthly Justice. The struggle for supremacy in the novel between Earthly and Divine Justice becomes a central theme, reflected in multiple aspects of the plot. However, the focal point in this struggle manifests itself at the scaffold in Boston, where Divine Justice materializes and ultimately triumphs over Earthly Justice.    The thematic struggle at the battleground of the scaffold unfolds and develops through Hawthorne's three scaffold scenes. Earthly Justice dominates the first scene, where the Puritans force the stoic Hester Prynne, bearing the scarlet "A" on her bosom, to stand on the scaffold in front of the cackling, condemning Puritan crowd. Hawthorne explains that "shame...was the essence of this punishment" (41). Moreover, Ernest Sandeen verifies that a sinner "feels shame before his fellowman and fear before his God" ("The Scarlet Letter as a Love Story" 360), meaning that Earthly Justice induces shame as Divine Justice creates fear. Therefore, since Hester's punishment reduced her to shame on the scaffold, Earthly Justice dispensed its punishment, asserting its authority, in this first scaffold scene.    Also, Dimmesdale's reluctance in this scene to admit his guilt diminishes the hope for Divine Justice, which is fo... ...werful yet merciful Divine Justice that unfailingly watched over them.       Works Cited    Abel, Darrel. "Hawthorne's Hester." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 300-308. Feidelson, Charles, Jr. "The People of Boston." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 371-375. Fogle, Richard Harter. "Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 308-315. Sandeen, Ernest. "The Scarlet Letter as a Love Story." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 350-361.

Is Foreign Aid Is Blessing Or Curse?

Since the time of independence Pakistan has been facing macroeconomic exertions, such as vicious circle of poverty, less utilization of available natural resources, unfavorable political circumstances that influenced domestic economy and so on. To seize the deficiency, Pakistan has had to depend greatly on financial assistance made by distant countries. Pakistan has been seeking aid since 1947 from global lenders including International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and World Bank.This financial aid poured mostly in the form of loans or debts with high interest rates. Focal of such assistance is the socio-economic development of the country. Financial assistance once taken as a blessing, appeared as to remove all the dearth of the economy. Resultantly many of the sectors started nourishing at par. Pakistan commenced its way towards developing nation but 2005s earthquake ruined Pakistan leaving its awful economy further worsen.Though foreign aid showered in the cou ntry but, in fact, it directly went to the bank accounts of few effluents and hence with the passage of time, it proved that foreign aid has become a curse instead of becoming blessing, not only perished the confidence of local people but corrupted more government officials. All the authorities here are now seeking more and more aid rather than to rely on their own available resources. Pakistan has already borrowed too much foreign aid in the form of loans and is still borrowing that has reached the historic over $60 billion.Debt burden is continuously increasing so its interest rates that worth more than the debt itself. Now the economic position is so deteriorated that for the payment of interest, Pakistan tries to get more loans. Pakistan has become now an aid addict and does not make policies to develop their economy with their own domestic resources. Officials do not pay attention for the development of the technology. They just become entirely dependent on others. Major portio n of aid particularly commodity aid is misappropriated by the concerned Government officials.Moreover, when aid is in terms of commodity such as wheat etc, which many times is provided at a very nominal price, discourages local production of that commodity because of higher cost of production within the country. This situation discourages local agricultural production. If donor country has assisted in establishing imported substitution industry then raw material for the industry will have to be imported from loan given country otherwise industry will not continue its production because particular raw material is not available locally.This causes heavy foreign exchange burden on economy. Pakistan is obtaining foreign aid for bridging gap between domestic savings and investment and also to improve balance of payments position but till now it has not been able to accomplish this task, rather both gaps are continuously increasing. Sometimes aid giving countries interfere in the defense and foreign affairs of Pakistan. That’s why it is said that there are always political strings attached to the bilateral loans. Thus this is to be reveal here that all aid is not for economic rationales but also political.Most of the politicians misallocate the aid for its appropriate concern so to raise their pay, power and prestige. Thus aid is also promoting greed and selfishness among the leaders of the realm. Pakistan was accessed as an independent nation but Pakistan is now fully dependent on the aid drug to eradicate all the absences. As soon as a new government takes office it is out to woe the US for aid, begs from the Saudis for a few crumbs and looks to countries like China for handouts. This must stop.To achieve self-respect and start to improve the lives of the impoverished masses the country needs corrective surgery. The starting point should be adopting a culture of austerity and simplicity. The President, Prime Minister, Army Chief and Chief Justice should be given homes and protocol of ordinary citizens. The vestiges of colonial days, the pomp of office must go. Leaders must present themselves as a role model of modesty rather to complex the masses by their luxurious stuff.One has only to look across the border that how people present themselves in public in simple clothes, sans jewels and accessories, where ministers don’t drive in flashy imported vehicles if a role model is needed. The next step is to generate resources by taxing all. The first step should be agriculture. There is no more favorable time than now. In the past 3 to 4 years produce price including cotton have witnesses a runaway increase and most farmers have had their incomes increase by over 400 percent in three years. Income tax is a failure in Pakistan however consumption tax can be promoted.All students going abroad for study should be required to get an NOC which would require their parents to explain the source of funds. All property purchase, vehicle purch ase and airline ticket purchase should require an NTN number. Put in place consumption taxes. For examples vehicles over 1000 cc should progressively be taxed. Measures such as the above would document the economy and bring more of the black economy into the main stream. With a corrupt bureaucracy, political elite and military this may virtually impossible. So a revolution is needed to unshackle Pakistan.